Biology

Biology Faculty

Donna Giberson, Professor Emerita
Christian R. Lacroix, Professor, Chair
Robert Hurta, Professor
Pedro Quijon, Professor
Marva I. Sweeney-Nixon, Professor
Michael R. van den Heuvel, Professor
Lawrence R. Hale, Associate Professor
Marina B. Silva-Opps, Associate Professor
Kevin L. Teather, Associate Professor
H. Carolyn Peach Brown, Professor
J. Patrick Murphy, Assistant Professor
P. Joel Ross, Assistant Professor
Stevan Springer, Assistant Professor
Denis Barabé, Adjunct Professor
David Cairns, Adjunct Professor
Simon Courtenay, Adjunct Professor
Michael Davies, Adjunct Professor
Bourlaye Fofana, Adjunct Professor
Adam Foster, Adjunct Professor
Xiang (Sean) Li, Adjunct Professor
Jason McCallum, Adjunct Professor
Andrew McKenzie-Gopsill, Adjunct Professor
Hai Nguyen, Adjunct Professor
Christine Noronha, Adjunct Professor
Rick Peters, Adjunct Professor
Jeremy Pittman, Adjunct Professor
Andre St-Hilaire, Adjunct Professor
Russell Wyeth, Adjunct Professor

REQUIREMENTS FOR A MAJOR IN BIOLOGY

A student enrolled in the Majors program in Biology will complete a minimum of 42 semester hours in Biology, and additional courses  according to the program outlined below. Students may choose to take a general Biology degree or to obtain a Life Sciences or Environmental Biology specialization. Students in the ‘pre-vet’ program should follow the Life Sciences specialization, and may select courses of interest in animal biology or other areas.

NOTE: Biology 1310-1320 are introductory biology courses required for all students enrolled in the Biology Majors program.  Biology 1310 and Biology 1320 must be completed prior to enrollment in Biology courses at the 3000 and 4000 levels.

NOTE: As per Academic Regulation #1 h), all undergraduate degree programs require successful completion of IKE-1040, one of UPEI-1010, 1020 or 1030, and a Writing Intensive Course.  

COURSE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION
Students may apply for a particular specialization any time before the end of their third year. Those who have not specified a specialization must meet the requirements for the General Biology Program. The Life Sciences specialization may be of interest to students who intend to pursue careers or graduate studies related to veterinary medicine (‘pre-vet’), human health professions, or research in biomedical or biotechnological sciences. The Environmental Biology specialization may be of interest to students interested in careers or graduate studies related to biodiversity and conservation, or wildlife biology in the modern context of climate change and human interactions. The General Biology Program will give students a broad background in biology.

GENERAL BIOLOGY PROGRAM Core Biology Courses	Hours Credit
Biology 1310-1320	6
Two of Biology 2020, 2040 and 2060	6
Two of Biology 2210, 2220 and 2230	6
Biology 3260 or 3820	3
At least seven additional Biology electives at or above the 2000-level that fit the following criteria; at least two must be at the 4000 level	21
Required courses in other departments, and electives to total 120 semester hours of credit: See list below.

LIFE SCIENCES SPECIALIZATION (including Pre-Veterinary Medicine Stream) Core Biology Courses	Hours Credit
Biology 1020 or 1030	3
Biology 1310-1320	6
Biology 2040 and 2060	6
Biology 2210 and 2230	6
Foods and Nutrition 2110 or Biology 2430	3
Biology 3260	3
Biology 3520 or Biology 3440	3
At least six additional Biology electives at or above the 2000 level that fit the following criteria: at least two must be at the 4000 level and from the Life Sciences Specialization list; at least an additional two must be selected from the Life Sciences Specialization list; at least one must be a Biology course not on the Life Sciences specialization list.Required courses in other departments, and electives to total 120 semester hours of credit. See list below.	18

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SPECIALIZATION Core Courses	Hours Credit
Environmental Studies 1010	3
Biology 1310-1320	6
Biology 2020, 2040 and 2060	9
Biology 2220 and 2230	6
Biology 3820	3
At least six additional Biology electives at or above the 2000 level that fit the following criteria:	18
at least two must be at the 4000 level and from the Environmental Biology Specialization list at least an additional two must be selected from the Environmental Biology Specialization list at least two must be Biology courses not on the Environmental Specialization list.

Required courses in other departments, and electives to total 120 semester hours of credit. See list below.

REQUIRED COURSES FROM OTHER DEPARTMENTS

One of UPEI 1010, 1020, or 1030;
AND IKE 1040; AND One Writing Intensive Course

Chemistry:
Chemistry 1110 and 1120
Chemistry 2410-2420 or Chemistry 2430 (credit will not be given for both Chemistry 2430 and Chemistry 2410 or 2420)
Chemistry 3530 or Biology 2250 is required for the General Program and Life Sciences Specialization; Chemistry 3530 or Chemistry 2020 or Biology 2250 is required for the Environmental Biology Specialization (credit will not be given for both Chemistry 3530 and Biology 2250)

Physics:
Physics 1210 (or 1110) and Physics 1220 (or 1120)

Mathematics and Statistics:
Math 1120 or Math 1910
Statistics 1210
Note: Some students may wish to take upper level Mathematics, Chemistry, or Physics courses for which Mathematics 1910-1920 is required: therefore Mathematics 1910-1920 may be taken in place of Mathematics 1120 but the statistics requirement of Statistics 1210 remains. Credit will not be given for both Mathematics 1120 and Mathematics 1910.

Other electives:
The remaining number of semester hours required to complete the requirements for the Biology major will be made up from courses selected by the students.

Note: Please see Academic Regulation 14(4): Application of Certain Professional Courses.

SUGGESTED COURSE SEQUENCES

First Year (10 courses – 30 semester hours)
Introductory Biology (BIO 1310-1320)
Introductory Chemistry (CHEM 1110-1120)
Calculus (MATH 1120 or 1910)
Indigenous Teachings of Turtle Island (IKE 1040)
Physics for the Life Sciences (PHYS 1210 and 1220)
One of UPEI 1010, 1020, or 1030

• For the General Biology Program: one elective
• For the Environmental Specialization: Introductory Environmental Studies (ENV 1010)
• For the Life Sciences Specialization: Human Health (BIO 1020) OR Animal Health (BIO 1030)

Second Year (10 courses-30 semester hours)
Organic Chemistry (CHEM 2410-2420 or 2430)
Statistics (STAT 1210)

• For the General Program:
  Two of: Botany (BIO 2020), Zoology (BIO 2040), Microbiology (BIO 2060)
  Two of: Cell & Molecular Biology (BIO 2210), Botany (BIO 2020), Genetics I (BIO 2230)
  Electives to make up 30 semester hours of credit
• For the Environmental Specialization:
  Botany (BIO 2020) AND Zoology (BIO 2040), AND Microbiology (BIO 2060)
  Ecology (BIO 2220) AND Genetics I (BIO 2230)
  Elective(s) to make up 30 semester hours of credit
• For the Life Science Specialization:
  Zoology (BIO 2040) AND Microbiology (BIO 2060)
  Cell and Molecular Biology (BIO 2210) AND Genetics (BIO 2223)
  Introductory Nutrition (FN 2110) OR Physics of the Human Body (BIO 2430)
  Electives to make up 30 semester hours of credit

Third Year (10 courses-30 semester hours)

• For the General Program:
  Physiology of Cells and Organisms (BIO 3260) OR Evolutionary Biology (BIO 3820)
  Biochemistry (CHEM 3530) OR Human Biochemistry (BIO 2250)
  5 Biology Electives at or above the 2000-level
  Electives to make up 30 semester hours of credit
• For the Environmental Specialization:
  Evolutionary Biology (BIO 3820)
  Environmental Chemistry (CHEM 2020) OR Biochemistry (CHEM 3530) OR Human Biochemistry (BIO 2250)
  Two Biology Electives at or above the 2000-level from the Environmental Biology Specialization List
  Two Biology Electives at or above the 2000-level chosen from courses not on the Environmental Biology Specialization List
  Electives to make up 30 semester hours of credit
• For the Life Sciences Specialization:
  Physiology of Cells and Organisms (BIO 3260)
  Molecular Biology Research Techniques (BIO 3520) OR Biomedical Imaging (BIO 3440)
  Biochemistry (CHEM 3530) OR Human Biochemistry (BIO 2250)
  Two Biology Electives at or above the 2000-level from the Life Sciences Specialization List
  One Biology Elective at or above the 2000-level from courses not on the Life Sciences Specialization List
  Electives to make up 30 semester hours of credit

Fourth Year (10 courses)
Two Biology electives at 4000 level from the required specialization lists
Electives to make up 30 semester hours of credit

LIST OF COURSES THAT MAY BE USED TOWARDS THE SPECIALIZATION AREAS IN BIOLOGY

Certain courses like BIO 4410 (Directed studies) or BIO 4090 (Special Topics) courses, or courses transferred from other universities for Biology credit, may be credited toward a specialization with prior permission of the Chair.

ELECTIVE COURSES IN THE LIFE SCIENCES SPECIALIZATION
*Biology 2260—Human Anatomy and Histology
Biology 2310- Biological Physics of Molecules
Biology 2430—Physics of the Human Body
*Biology 3110—Plants and People
Biology 3750—Medical Microbiology
Biology 3220—Bioinformatics
*Biology 3230—Genetics II
*Biology 3040—Vertebrate Zoology
*Biology 3240—Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
*Biology 3350—Animal Behaviour
Biology 3420- Introduction to Medical Physics
Biology 3440- Medical Imaging
*Biology 3710—Life of Mammals
Biology 3720- Virology
*Biology 4010—Human Physiology and Pathophysiology
*Biology 4020—Comparative & Environmental Vertebrate Physiology
*Biology 4030—Developmental and Stem Cell Biology
*Biology 4040—Endocrinology
*Biology 4050—Medical Biology
Biology 4320- Biological Physics of Cells
Biology 4350—Biology of Sex
Biology 4710—Molecular Biotechnology
*Biology 4720—Biology of Cancer and Other Diseases
Biology 4750—Basic and Clinical Immunology

ELECTIVE COURSES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SPECIALIZATION
Biology 2130-Integrated Watershed Management
Biology 2630- Climate Physics
*Biology 3020-Aquaculture and the Environment
*Biology 3040—Vertebrate Zoology
*Biology 3140—Plant Community Ecology
*Biology 3270—Field Coastal Ecology
*Biology 3350—Animal Behaviour
*Biology 3610—Biology of Fishes
*Biology 3660—Plant-Animal Interactions
*Biology 3710—Life of Mammals
*Biology 3910—Marine Biology
*Biology 4110—Wildlife Biology
*Biology 4130—Conservation Genetics
*Biology 4520—Biogeography and Macroecology
*Biology 4540—Biodiversity and Conservation Ecology
*Biology 4620—Watershed Ecology
*Biology 4650—Marine Community Ecology
*Biology 4850—Environmental Toxicology

OTHER BIOLOGY ELECTIVES NOT DESIGNATED AS SPECIALIZATION ELECTIVES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OR LIFE SCIENCES
*Biology 2020—Botany
*Biology 2040—Zoology
*Biology 2060—Microbiology
Biology 2310- Biological Physics of Molecules
Biology 2430 Physics of the Human Body
Biology 2630 Climate Physics
Biology 3120—History of Biology
Biology 3310- Research Methods and Communications in Biology
Biology 3420 Introduction to Medical Physics
Biology 3440 Biomedical Imaging
*Biology 3520—Molecular Biology Research Techniques
Biology 3620- Computational Biology
Biology 3820- Evolutionary Biology
Biology 3900- Work Integrated Learning in the Biological Sciences
*Biology 4210—Design and Analysis of Biological Studies
Biology 4320 Biological Physics of Cells

Note: Students who plan to complete a minor in Medical and Biological Physics should consult with the Physics Department to verify the eligibility of Biology courses that are cross-listed with Physics courses.

REQUIREMENTS FOR HONOURS IN BIOLOGY
The Honours program in Biology is designed to provide research experience at the undergraduate level within the BSc program. It is available to students with a strong academic background who intend to continue studies at the postgraduate level in Biology or some related field, or to students who intend to pursue a career where research experience would be an asset. Students may also carry out a research project by registering for Biology 4400. ( 6 semester hours of credit.)

The Honours program differs from the BSc Major program in having a research and thesis component. The total number of courses is the same, five courses per semester for eight semesters, but the honours thesis course counts as 12 credits, so the total semester hours of credit for the Honours is 126, compared to 120 hours for the BSc Major. The research component is to be completed within the BSc program and may require the equivalent of one summer of research (four months) preceding the graduating year during which Biology 4900 (Advanced Research and Thesis) will be taken.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS OF THE HONOURS PROGRAM
Students may complete an Honours Degree in the General Biology Program or of the two Biology Specializations (Life Sciences, or Environmental Biology). The program is the same as the Majors program with the addition of Biology 4900 (Advanced Research and Thesis) , Biology 3310 (Research Methods and Communications in Biology) and two other Biology electives. These would normally be completed in the student’s final year.

Students who have completed a BSc Major in Biology at UPEI can be admitted to the Honours Conversion Program and achieve the BSc Honours designation by completing the additional course requirements of the program.

ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS
For admission to the Honours program or Honours Conversion program, students should have a combined minimum average of 70% in all previous courses and a combined minimum average of 75% in all previous biology courses taken. Permission of the Department is also required and is contingent on the student finding a thesis advisor, on being assigned an advisory committee, on acceptance of the research project by the Biology Department, and on general acceptability. Students interested in doing Honours should consult with the Departmental Chair or the Coordinator of the Honours program as early as possible and apply to the program after their  third year of study.

PERFORMANCE
To graduate with a BSc Honours in Biology, students must complete 126 semester hours of credit which includes 12 semester hours of credit for the research and thesis, attain a minimum average of 75% in all Biology courses combined, and achieve a minimum overall average of 70% in all courses submitted for the degree. Students failing to meet these requirements may transfer their program to the BSc Major in Biology or to other degree programs.

Note: Detailed information the Honours Program is available from the Department.

REQUIREMENTS FOR MINOR IN BIOLOGY
To qualify for a minor, students must complete a total of 21 semester hours of credit in Biology, 6 semester hours of which are required courses.

The requirements for a minor in Biology are:
Biology 1310-1320 (6 hours of credit) and any 5 Biology electives at 2000 level or above (15 semester hours)
Total Semester Hours = 21

CO-OPERATIVE EDUCATION in BIOLOGY

The UPEI Co-operative Program is an integrated approach to university education which enables students to alternate academic terms on campus with work terms in suitable employment. The success of such programs is founded on the principle that students can apply theoretical knowledge from course studies in the workplace and return to the classroom with practical workplace experience. Students who successfully complete all the requirements of the program will have the notation entered on their transcripts and on the graduation parchment.

Students accepted into the program complete at least three paid work terms of 14 to 16 weeks duration, and  a series of Career Skills courses. Credits earned through completion of work terms are counted as general electives.

The Co-operative option is available to full-time students in the Biology Major or Honours program.  Applications to the Co-operative Education Program are normally made after completion of the first year of study.

See the Co-operative Education Program section of the UPEI Academic Calendar for more information.

BACHELOR OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION

This program combines the practical, theoretical and analytical strengths of courses provided by accredited NAWTA (North American Wildlife Technology Association) programs, and by the University of Prince Edward Island, for students interested in obtaining rigorous training in wildlife conservation. Foundational science courses as well as senior analytical courses in the environmental sciences at the university level complement the strong field training acquired during the college diploma program.

Students graduating from an accredited NAWTA college with a minimum 70% average are eligible to apply to UPEI for formal entry into the Bachelor of Wildlife Conservation degree program. Entry to the program is restricted to September of each year and applications must be received by June 1st. Once accepted to UPEI, students will undertake a rigorous program of 20 courses, 17 of which will be required, with an additional 3 courses to be chosen from a list of acceptable electives. Students who are accepted to the program must be able to demonstrate that they have been immunized for the prevention of Rabies, or obtain a rabies vaccination during the first year of their program. Students are subject to all of the Academic Regulations of the University.

(NOTE: As per Academic Regulation #1 h), all undergraduate degree programs require successful completion of IKE-1040, one of UPEI-1010, 1020 or 1030, and a Writing Intensive Course.)   

9 Core Biology courses:
Biology 1310—Introduction to Cell and Molecular Biology
Biology 2220—Ecology
Biology 3310—Research Methods and Communications in Biology
Biology 3820—Evolutionary Biology
Biology 3910—Marine Biology OR Biology 4620—Watershed Ecology
Biology 4130—Conservation Genetics
Biology 4150—Wildlife Health
Biology 4520—Biogeography and Macroecology OR Biology 4540—Biodiversity and Conservation Biology
Biology 4910—Wildlife Conservation and Environmental Management Practicum

8 Core Courses in Other Departments:
Environmental Studies 1010 – Introduction to Environmental Studies
Environmental Studies 2120 – Earth’s Physical Environment
Environmental Studies 4310 – Environmental Impact Assessment
Economics 1010 – Introductory Microeconomics
Economics 2110 – Introduction to Resource Economics
Economics 2150 – Environmental Economics
UPEI 1010 or UPEI 1020 or UPEI 1030
IKE 1040- Indigenous Teachings of Turtle Island

Students complete the degree requirements by choosing two science and two non-science electives.

BIOLOGY COURSES

NOTES REGARDING 1000-LEVEL BIOLOGY COURSES

• Biology 1310 and 1320 are Introductory Biology courses and are the prerequisites for upper level Biology courses. Take these courses if you plan to complete a Biology major or minor, or if your program requires one or both courses. Biology 1010 is not accepted for credit within the Biology Majors program, but can fulfill a general elective degree requirement.
• Biology 1020 and 1030 are introductory courses for students in the Life Science specialization, but any student may take these courses.
• Biology 1060 is restricted to students enrolled in programs offered by the Faculty of Nursing.

1010 CURRENT ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
This course considers environmental problems from a biological perspective. Human ecology, populations, pollution, resource use and other topics are discussed critically.
Lectures and field trips to the equivalent of six hours a week

1020 HUMAN HEALTH
An introductory course dealing with the structure and function of the human body as the biological foundation of human health and disease. Course topics will include a survey of human organ systems and prevalent diseases of the adult human, introducing concepts of disease prevention and wellness.
Three hours lecture a week

1030 ANIMAL HEALTH
An introductory course dealing with current issues related to animal health and disease in a global context. Course topics will introduce causes of disease in animals and the principles of maintaining healthy animals, as well as an interdisciplinary overview of the role and importance of animal health in modern society.
Three hours lecture

1060 INTRODUCTORY MICROBIOLOGY FOR HEALTH SCIENCES
This course is an introduction to the basic concepts and principles of microbiology. The structure and function of the major groups—viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa—which affect human health, are studied. Topics include the process of disease transmission, immunology, physical and chemical methods of disease prevention and control, as well as major infectious diseases of the body systems.
PREREQUISITE: Admitted to the Nursing
Three hours of lecture and two hours of laboratory per week
NOTES: Students will not receive credit for both BIO 1060 and BIO 2060.

1210 HUMAN ANATOMY
This course covers the structure of the human body from cells to tissues to organ systems. The gross anatomy and histology of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, urinary and reproductive system of humans is surveyed.
Cross-listed with Biology 2260.
Three hours lecture, 2.5 hours laboratory a week
RESTRICTION: Must be a student in the Nursing or Kinesiology program.
NOTE: Students will not get credit for both Biology 1210 and Biology 2260

1220 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
This course deals with the functioning of the human body. The physiology of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems is surveyed.
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1310 or Biology 1210
Three hours lecture, 2.5 hours laboratory a week

1310 GENES, CELLS AND MACROMOLECULES
This course provides an introduction to the science of Biology, with emphasis on life processes at the cellular and molecular level. The course covers the cellular nature of life, the physical basis of heredity, development and the chemistry of life. Part of the laboratory component involves training in microscopy and molecular techniques.
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

1320 ORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT
This course provides an introduction to the science of Biology, with emphasis on organismal biology and unifying themes. The course deals with evolution, the diversity of life, form and function, and ecology. Part of the laboratory component involves training in dissection techniques.
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

2020 BOTANY
A survey of bacteria, fungi, algae, and major plant groups (bryophytes, vascular cryptogams and seed plants) emphasizing morphology, life histories and evolutionary relationships.
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1320
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

2040 ZOOLOGY
A survey of the major groups of animals, beginning with the sponges and ending with the mammals. Topics emphasize evolutionary relationships, development, structure and function, and ecology. Laboratory work includes the study of selected representatives from each of the major groups.
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1320
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

2060 MICROBIOLOGY
This course deals with basic microbial biology including discussion of industrial, ecological, environmental and medical microbiology, and other relevant topics. Laboratory sessions provide training in relevant microbiology techniques/approaches.
PREREQUISITE:  Biology 1310
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week
NOTE: Additional lab time may be required outside of scheduled laboratory periods.

2090 SPECIAL TOPICS
Creation of a course code for special topics offered by Biology at the 2000 level.

2130 INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
This field course focuses on integrated water management at the watershed level with a focus on the Prince Edward Island context. The physical and biological characteristics of watersheds will be explored along with planning approaches, adaptive management strategies, watershed governance, as well as Indigenous perspectives.
Three hours lecture, three hour field

2210 CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
This course examines the structure and function of living cells. Topics include macromolecules, organelles, membranes, cellular energetics, cell signalling, gene expression, cell division, cell death and special topics in biomedical cell  and molecular biology.
PREREQUISITE:  Biology 1310
Three hours lecture, one hour tutorial a week

2220 ECOLOGY
This course introduces and discusses the basic themes and concepts of Ecology. Students examine the hierarchy of Ecology by investigating individual organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems. Topics covered in the course include: natural selection, energy flow, nutrient cycling, population growth, plant/animal interactions and biodiversity. The course involves reading and discussion of current and classical literature in the field. Laboratories will primarily consist of field investigations and analysis of field data.
PREREQUISITE:  Biology 1320 or registration in the Bachelor of Wildlife Conservation program
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

2230 GENETICS I
The goal of this course is to learn how genetic logic helps us understand biology. We will think about organisms as the result of information passed each generation from parent to offspring. We will apply genetic principles to all of biology–from interactions between molecules and cells, to organismal traits, to evolutionary change in populations. We will also explore the many uses of genetic information. We will learn how genetic patterns in the real world can help us conserve species or trace how diseases spread. We will also see how manipulating genetic information can help us reveal gene function and engineer useful traits into organisms. Genetics has a strong emphasis on problem solving, probability, and statistics.
PREREQUISITE:  Biology 1310
Three hours lecture, one hour tutorial a week
NOTES: Biology majors and minors are expected to take BIO 2230. Students will not get credit for both BIO 2230 and BIO 2240.

2310 BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS OF MOLECULES

2240 HUMAN GENETICS
The principles of genetics are considered in a broad perspective. Topics include chromosome structure and behaviour, molecular biology and biochemistry of genes, DNA replication and mutation, recombinant DNA, Mendelian inheritance, and inheritance of linked genes. There is a strong emphasis on human genetics in tutorials.
Cross-listed with Biology 2230.
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1310
RESTRICTION: Must be a student in the Paramedicine program.
Three hours lecture, one hour tutorial a week
NOTES: Students will not get credit for both BIO 2230 and BIO 2240.

2250 HUMAN BIOCHEMISTRY
This course is an introduction to the major classes of biomolecules and their main metabolic pathways. Special attention is paid to biochemistry in the context of human metabolism, nutrition and disease.
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1310 and Chemistry 1110
Three hours lecture a week
NOTE: Students will not get credit for both BIO-2250 and CHEM-3530.

2260 HUMAN ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY
This course covers the structure of the human body at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels and gives the student a thorough overview of human cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. While both anatomy and histology will be integrated throughout the course, lectures focus on gross anatomy while laboratories emphasize the structure of tissues (histology)in the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
Cross-listed with Biology 1210.
PREREQUISITE:  Biology 1320
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week
NOTE: Students will not get credit for both Biology 1210 and Biology 2260.

2310 BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS OF MOLECULES
An introduction to molecular biology from a physics perspective. Topics covered include diffusion and random walks; fluid mechanics, especially low Reynolds number; single molecule mechanics of biopolymers; statistical physics in a form suitable for single-molecule experiments; co-operativity and self-assembly; molecular machines; and neural signaling. Techniques and methodologies, both experimental and computational, are included in the presentation of each topic.
Cross-listed with Physics 2310
PREREQUISITE: Physics 1120 or Physics 1220, and Mathematics 1120 or Mathematics 1910, or permission of the instructor.
Three hours lecture per week

2430 PHYSICS OF THE HUMAN BODY
This course provides students with an introduction to the physics of the human body. Physics concepts such as mechanics, energy, work, fluid statics and dynamics, sound, optics, electricity, and magnetism will be applied to better understand the functioning of the human body
Cross-listed with Physics 2430
PREREQUISITE: Physics 1120 or Physics 1220. Otherwise, permission of the instructor is required. It is highly recommended that at least six semester hours of credit in Biology be completed prior to taking this course
Three hours of lecture per week

2630 Climate PHYSICS
The course is an introduction to the physics of climate change. Topics include understanding, evaluating and interpreting climate observations and associated physical data; atomic and molecular physics to describe atmospheric processes; basic fluid dynamics to describe atmospheric and oceanic circulation, thermodynamics, and solar radiation to describe the global energy balance; instrumentation and measurement physics with a focus on atmospheric temperature, humidity, and pressure; computational physics and modeling of climate systems and processes. Field trips may be offered
PREREQUISITE: Chemistry 1110, and Math 1120 or Math 1910

3020 AQUACULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
This field course will examine interactions between aquaculture and the environment by providing an overview of the global field of aquaculture with an emphasis on the aquaculture industry on Prince Edward Island. Topics covered included policy and regulation, water quality, production systems, disease and pest management, and the effect of aquaculture on the environment and human communities.
PREREQUISITE: A declared Major in Biology or permission of the instructor.
Three hours lecture, three hours field

3040 VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY
This course focuses on the taxonomy and evolution of vertebrates. Coverage of taxonomic orders and families may include discussion of systematics, taxonomy, evolution, palaeontology, zoogeography, and unique morphological, physiological, ecological, and behavioural characteristics. The laboratory component is dedicated to learning basic vertebrate morphology and taxonomic relationships among and within vertebrate groups using preserved specimens and dissections.
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1310, 1320 and 2040. Students registered in the Bachelor of Wildlife Conservation Program may take this course after completion of Biology 1310 and Biology 2220.
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

3090 SPECIAL TOPICS
Creation of a course code for special topics offered by Biology at the 3000 level.

3110 PLANTS AND PEOPLE
This course surveys in detail the major current uses of plants, their history, morphology, and chemistry. Laboratory periods consist of demonstrations of plant structures and products derived from plant sources, practical exercises, and field trips.
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1310, 1320 and 2020
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

3120 HISTORY OF BIOLOGY
This course surveys the major advances in the biological sciences from prehistory to modern times. Emphasis is placed on the effect which past ideas have had on the evolution of Biology.
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1310, 1320 and at least 2 Biology courses at the 2000 level or above. Students registered in Bachelor of Wildlife Conservation Program may take this course after completion of Biology 1310.
Three hours lecture and one hour discussion group a week

3140 PLANT COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
A study of algae, fungi and major plant groups such as bryophytes, vascular seedless and seed plants. Emphasis will be placed on identification of common species, plant taxonomy and ecology.
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1310, 1320 and 2220
Three hours lecture; three to four hours laboratory a week, some of which consist of field trips

3220 INTRODUCTION TO BIOINFORMATICS
(See Computer Science 3220)

3230 GENETICS II
The principles of genetics at a more advanced level are considered in the context of practical laboratory investigation, on-line genetic data resources, and examination of current scholarly literature. Laboratory work will be conducted with fruit flies (Drosophila) and yeast (Saccharomyces), and will include molecular biological techniques.
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1310, 1320 and 2230
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

3240 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY
This course builds upon some of the material presented in Biology 2040, providing students with a much more detailed look at the structure and function of various organs and organ systems of the vertebrate body. Dissections and display material are used during laboratories to allow students to compare and contrast these systems in representative vertebrates.
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1310, 1320, and 2040 or 2220. Students registered in the Bachelor of Wildlife Conservation Program may take this course after completion of Biology 1310 and Biology 2220.
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

3260 PHYSIOLOGY OF CELLS AND ORGANISMS
This course introduces students to basic themes and concepts in physiology. Students explore mechanisms underlying regulatory processes in cells, and the ways organisms function. Topics include feedback systems, signalling, membrane potentials, muscle and nerve function, endocrine, cardiopulmonary and osmoregulatory form and function in animals, carbohydrate synthesis and transport in plants, and plant responses to stress.
PREREQUISITES: Biology 1310, 1320 and 2210 and 2 core Biology courses at the 2000 level
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

3270 FIELD COASTAL ECOLOGY
Field coastal ecology is an intensive field-oriented course designed to provide 3rd-4th year students of the Biology program with knowledge and experience surveying and monitoring the organisms and habitats best represented in coastal Prince Edward Island. Using a hands-on approach, students are expected to learn and apply the sampling protocols that are most useful to each type of habitat. Although the course will have a broad theoretical component (early daily lectures on community types and sampling design), its main focus will be on activities to be developed in the field and subsequently in the laboratory. These activities include sampling, processing, and identification or organisms collected in the most typical benthic habitats of the island.
PREREQUISITES: Biology 1310, 1320, 2020, 2040 and 2220. Students registered in Bachelor of Wildlife Conservation Program may take this course after completion of Bio 1310 and Bio 2220.
Four hours lecture, four hours laboratory/field trips per day for two weeks (summer intensive course)

3310 RESEARCH METHODS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN BIOLOGY
This course is an introduction to research methods and the basic principles of scientific communication, as expressed in the Biological Sciences. Lectures, exercises and assignments focus on science writing, critical reading, the principles of study design, and the analysis, interpretation, and presentation of biological data.
PREREQUISITES: Biology 1310, 1320 and 3 Biology courses at the 2000 level or above
Three hours lecture, One hour Tutorial per week

3350 ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
This course explores various aspects of animal behaviour, primarily from an evolutionary perspective. Topics covered include the development and expression of behaviour, animal communication, predator-prey interactions, reproductive and parental strategies of males and females, and the application of an evolutionary approach to the study of human behaviour. Laboratories focus on how behavioural data are collected and interpreted.
PREREQUISITES: Biology 1310, 1320, 2040 and 2220. Students registered in the Bachelor of Wildlife Conservation Program may take this course after completion of Biology 1310 and Biology 2220.
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

3420 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL PHYSICS
This course provides students with an introduction to physics methods and methodology in medicine. Topics include: radiation sources and transport in tissues, radiation dosimetry and therapy, and applications of lasers and ultrasound in medicine
Cross-listed with Physics 3420
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1310, and Physics 1120 or Physics 1220. Otherwise, permission of the instructor is required
Three hours lecture per week

3440 BIOMEDICAL IMAGING
This course is an introduction to the physics of medical imaging for the four main modalities: x-ray, ultrasound, radionuclide, and magnetic resonance imaging. Basic concepts of light microscopy and image formation will also be included. The primary focus is on physical principles, instrumentation, image interpretation and application
Cross-listed with Physics 3520
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1310, and Physics 1120 or Physics 1220, or permission of the instructor
Three hours lecture per week

3520 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
This course introduces students to basic techniques in molecular biology and genomic science. Lectures will cover theoretical aspects of research in the biologic sciences, such as cloning, PCR, DNA sequence analysis, genomics, and proteomics. In laboratories, students will work on projects to learn current methodologies in molecular biology such as keeping laboratory notebooks, basic cloning, PCR, gel electrophoresis, use of sequence databases, and analysis of transcriptomics/proteomics datasets.
PREREQUISITES: Biology 1310, 1320 and Biology 2210, 2230 or 2240
Two hours lecture, four hours lab per week

3610 BIOLOGY OF FISHES
An introductory course on the Biology of fishes outlining classification, comparative structure and function of the systems of major fish groups. Emphasis will be placed on the diversity, distribution, ecology and evolution of freshwater and marine fishes of the Atlantic region. Laboratory periods will involve field and laboratory studies.
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1310, 1320 and 2220. Students registered in the Bachelor of Wildlife Conservation Program may take this course after completion of Biology 1310 and Biology 2220.
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

3620 COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY
This course is an introduction to using computational tools to understand biological systems. A practical introduction to programming in R and the use of web-based tools to analyze large biological datasets is provided. No prior programming experience is required.
PREREQUISITE:  Biology 1310 and Biology 2210, 2230 OR 2240 – Must be completed prior to taking this course.
Three hours lecture a week

3710 LIFE OF MAMMALS
This course is an introduction to the study of the animals that constitute the class Mammalia. Topics include taxonomic classification, zoogeography, reproductive strategies, ecology, behaviour, and economic considerations. Laboratory exercises include several projects involving field work with the mammalian fauna of Prince Edward Island.
PREREQUISITES: Biology 1310, 1320, 2040 and 2220.  Students registered in the Bachelor of Wildlife Conservation program may take this course after completion of Biology 1310 and Biology 2220.
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

3720 VIROLOGY
This course introduces fundamental concepts in molecular virology, focusing on virus-host interactions. Principles in cell & molecular biology, genetics, and biochemistry are used to explain details of the viral life cycle. Topics include viral attachment and entry, gene expression, replication, packaging/transmission, antiviral immunity & immune evasion, and special topics in biomedical virology.
PREREQUISITE:  BIO-2210, BIO-2230 or BIO-2240, BIO-2250 or CHEM-3530
Three hours lecture a week

3750 MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
The basic principles of microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology/genetics are used to discuss aspects of microbial diseases with a particular focus on the specific mechanisms whereby disease occurs. Topics include drug-resistance development, resistance mechanisms, issues in infection prevention and control, and emerging pathogens.
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1310, 1320 and 2060
Three hours lecture a week

3820 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
This course is designed to provide students with a better understanding of evolution and how it applies to other biology courses and to their lives in general. We first trace the rise of evolutionary thought, examining the evidence for different evolutionary processes. We then more closely examine the mechanisms that result in evolutionary change. Subsequently, we look at the history of life and examine topics such as speciation, great moments in evolution, human evolution and extinction. Lastly, we deal with the diverse areas of study that benefit from an understanding of evolution.
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1310, 1320 and Biology 2220 or Biology 2230. Students registered in the Bachelor of Wildlife Conservation Program may take this course after completion of Biology 1310 and Biology 2220.
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

3900 WORK INTEGRATED LEARNING IN THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES*
This course provides students with a volunteer work experience (work-integrated learning) in a biological discipline of their choice. Students will first complete a set of goal-oriented learning modules (‘UPEI Digital Badges’) through the Experiential Education Department, followed by a minimum of 20 hours of volunteer experience or job shadowing with an organization approved by the Biology Department.  A final requirement will be the submission of a substantive e-portfolio.
PREREQUISITE:  At least 6 Biology courses successfully completed AND permission of the instructor
Note:  Students will choose (at their discretion) and complete a minimum of 12 workshops (18 hours) in the digital badge program; the job experience placement will consist of a minimum of 20 hours; pre and post-placement meetings with coordinators will also take place as required.
*Prior to being registered in the course, students must submit an application to the Department.

3910 MARINE BIOLOGY
An introduction to the principles of Marine Biology emphasizing marine environments and organisms of PEI and the Eastern Atlantic region. Laboratory periods will involve field and laboratory studies.
PREREQUISITES: Biology 1310, 1320, 2020 and 2040. Students registered in the Bachelor of Wildlife Conservation Program may take this course after completion of Biology 1310 and Biology 2220.
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

4010 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY & PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
This course is an in-depth overview of the function of human organ systems emphasizing the effects of disease states. It is designed for students interested in human health professions, such as Nurse Practitioners. The course covers nervous & endocrine systems and disorders; cardio- pulmonary, blood, immune & exercise physiology and related diseases; fluid and metabolic balance and related disorders; and pregnancy. Laboratories focus on physiological principles, diseases and application of knowledge in case studies.
Cross-level listed with Nursing 6010.
PREREQUISITES: Biology  1310, 1320, 3260 or entry to the Master of Nursing, Nurse Practitioner stream
Three hours lecture, three hour laboratory a week

4020 COMPARATIVE & ENVIRONMENTAL VERTEBRATE PHYSIOLOGY
A study of animal function emphasizing complex regulatory and metabolic mechanisms, the relationships between organ systems, and interactions between animals and their environment. Weekly laboratory exercises and a mini-research project will demonstrate experimental physiologic principles.
PREREQUISITES: Biology 1310, 1320,  2040 and 3260
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

4030 DEVELOPMENTAL AND STEM CELL BIOLOGY
This course provides a comprehensive overview of the role of stem cells in mammalian development. The primary focus of the course is the shared genetic and epigenetic events that underlie embryonic and postnatal development. Mouse models and human systems are studied to highlight general principles of ontogeny.  The course involves reading research articles, writing assignments, student presentations, and discussions.
Note:  BIO 3310 and 3520 are recommended, but not required.
PREREQUISITES:  Biology 1310, 1320, and 2210
Three hours lecture a week

4040 ENDOCRINOLOGY
This course is an in depth study of animal hormones, with a focus on modern-day endocrinology issues of interest to students. Topics include anatomy and physiology of hormones and glands, hormone actions from molecular to whole organism levels, biorhythms, reproduction and development, comparison of endocrine systems among animal classes, hormones in disease and medicine, eco-toxicological effects of hormones, and methods used to study endocrinology.
PREREQUISITES: Biology 3260. Students in the BSc Paramedicine program may take Biology 4040 after Biology 1310.
Three hours lecture

4050 MEDICAL BIOLOGY
This course extends principles of biochemistry, physiology and molecular biology in the context of human diseases and treatment. Using a case-study and discussion format, the course explores advanced studies in biochemical pathways in humans, molecular regulation of biochemistry, human diseases related to altered biochemical pathways, and pharmacology.
PREREQUISITES: Biology 1310, 1320, and 1220 or 3260; Biology 2230 or 2240; and Biology 2250 or Chemistry 3530. Students in the BSc Paramedicine program may take Biology 4050 after Biology 1310.
Three hours lectures per week

4090 (formerly 4420) SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOLOGY
An upper year course typically designed to reflect an issue of current interest in Biology. Available to third and fourth year Biology Majors, preferably those who have completed their second year core Biology courses. The conditions under which the course may be offered will be subject to the approval of the Chair of the Department and the Dean of Science.
Three semester hours of credit

4110 PRINCIPLES OF WILDLIFE BIOLOGY
This course focuses on the basic principles of wildlife biology, wildlife management, and contemporary wildlife issues. The laboratory/field component includes an introduction to techniques used in wildlife research, habitat assessments and debates on local wildlife issues.
PREREQUISITE: Biology 1310, 1320, 2020 and 2040.  Students registered in the Bachelor of Wildlife Conservation Program may take this course after completion of Biology 1310.
Two hours lecture, four hours laboratory a week

4130 CONSERVATION GENETICS
An introduction to the guiding principles of conservation biology and genetics, and their application to the preservation of biodiversity. Students will explore current research topics, such as ecological and landscape genetics, invasion biology, and genomics for endangered species through lectures, extensive discussion and a major paper. Laboratories may involve field trips and molecular techniques.
Note: Biology 3820 is a recommended co-requisite, but is not required.
PREREQUISITES: Biology 1310, 1320, 2220 and 2230 or 2240.  Students registered in the Bachelor of Wildlife Conservation Program may take this course after completion of Biology 1310 and Biology 2220.
Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory a week

4150 WILDLIFE HEALTH
This course examines the relationship between the health of free-living wild animals and their environment. The laboratory component of the course familiarizes the student with techniques of necropsy of a wide variety of mammalian and avian species, emphasizing comparative anatomy, recognition of basic macroscopic abnormalities, and harvesting techniques and basic identification of macroparasites.
PREREQUISITE: Registration in the Bachelor of Wildlife Conservation Program and completion of Biology 1310 and Biology 2220. Note: students must be vaccinated for rabies. If space permits, and with permission of the Department, this course is also available for Biology majors who have completed Biology 1310 and Biology 2220 and meet the rabies vaccination requirements. Contact the Biology Department for details on availability and eligibility
Four hours lecture, four hours laboratory per day for 2 weeks (summer intensive course)

4900 ADVANCED RESEARCH AND THESIS
This is a 12 semester-hour course required of all Honours students. It is intended to provide the student with an opportunity to design, carry out, evaluate and write up a research project in an approved scientific fashion, while working under the direction of a chief advisor assisted by an advisory committee. Normally the research will be done during the summer session preceding the student’s graduating year, and the thesis written during the final academic year. The objective of this course is to provide research experience for the student who intends to take up further studies at a post-graduate level or for the student who is planning on entering a career where research experience in Biology or related areas would be an asset.
PREREQUISITE: Acceptance to the Honours Program in Biology

4910 WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICUM
This course provides practical experience and leadership in an area of wildlife conservation or environmental management. Students work in teams with an environmental organization on a specific project or task for 6 weeks, compile research, and present their findings in a written report and oral presentation.
PREREQUISITES: Biology 3310. Biology majors in the Environmental Biology specialization may take this course with permission of the Coordinator of the BWC program or the Chair of Biology.
Three hours lecture or seminar a week