{"id":109,"date":"2024-02-02T17:31:24","date_gmt":"2024-02-02T17:31:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/future\/chapter\/philosophy\/"},"modified":"2024-05-21T12:54:29","modified_gmt":"2024-05-21T12:54:29","slug":"philosophy","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/2024-2025\/chapter\/philosophy\/","title":{"raw":"Philosophy","rendered":"Philosophy"},"content":{"raw":"<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"rId55\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\" xml:lang=\"en-CA\" lang=\"en-CA\">http:\/\/upei.ca\/philosophy<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><strong lang=\"en-CA\" xml:lang=\"en-CA\">Philosophy Faculty\r\n<\/strong>Verner Smitheram, Professor Emeritus\r\nPamela Courtenay-Hall, Associate Professor, Chair\r\nNeb Kujundzic, Professor\r\nMalcolm Murray, Professor\r\nTony Couture, Associate Professor\r\nPeter Koritansky, Professor<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><strong lang=\"en-CA\" xml:lang=\"en-CA\">REQUIREMENTS FOR A MAJOR IN PHILOSOPHY\r\n<\/strong>Students must complete a minimum of 42 semester hours in Philosophy with at least six courses (18 hours) at the 3000 or 4000 level. NOTE: All courses are 3 hours. <strong lang=\"en-CA\" xml:lang=\"en-CA\"><strong lang=\"en-CA\"><b><span>NOTE: As per Academic Regulation 1h, all undergraduate degree programs require successful completion of IKE-1040 one of UPEI-1010, UPEI-1020, or UPEI-1030, and a Writing Intensive Course.<\/span><\/b><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">The Department strongly recommends that the following courses should be completed by philosophy majors intending to pursue graduate studies in Philosophy: PHIL 2210 (Social Philosophy); PHIL 2510 (Formal Logic); PHIL 2620 (Plato and Aristotle); PHIL 3030 (History of Ethical Theory in 1900); PHIL 3730 (Philosophy of Language); PHIL 3840 (Rationalists and Empiricists); PHIL 3850 (The Philosophy of Kant).<\/p>\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Requirements for an Honours, Major or Minor Degree in Philosophy<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Honours Program - Admission:<\/span> \u00a0<\/strong>\r\nTo be admitted to the honours program, a student must submit a letter of application to the chair of the department. The letter must include a brief proposal of the intended research the name of the student\u2019s potential supervisor,a note from the potential supervisor confirming prior consultation, and a copy of the student\u2019s updated transcripts. Applicants must have registered in, or have completed, the major program in philosophy.\r\nNormally, students should submit their applications during their fifth semester. The department, acting as a committee, will determine who is admitted based on the following considerations:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The student has an average of at least 75% in all Philosophy courses<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The student has an overall average of at least 70% in all academic courses<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The student has shown the ability of, or has the potential for, completing independent philosophical research<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Availability of suitable supervisors<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nSince the demand for the program may exceed the resources available, meeting the minimum entry requirements does not guarantee admission.\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Honours\u00a0Program - Requirements<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\nTo receive an honours in Philosophy, an honors Philosophy a student must satisfy the following requirements while maintaining a minimum average of 75% in all Philosophy courses.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>At least 126 semester hours of academic credit (42 courses).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>At least 54 semester hours of credit (18 courses) in Philosophy,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>as listed below:<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 1110 (Critical Thinking);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 2210 (Social Philosophy);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 2220 (Political Philosophy);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 2510 (Formal Logic);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 2620 (Plato and Aristotle);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 3010 (Philosophy of Science);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL3020 (Environmental Philosophy);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 3030 (Ethical Theory);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 3540 (Philosophy of Mind);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 3730 (Philosophy of Language);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 3840 (Rationalists and Empiricists);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 3850 (The Philosophy of Kant);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 4800 (Research Seminar), AND<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 4900 (Honours Thesis)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Major\u00a0Program - Requirements<\/span><\/strong>\r\n\r\nTo complete a Major in Philosophy, a student must satisfy the following requirements:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>At least 126 semester hours of academic credit (42 courses)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>At least 42 semester hours of academic credit (14 courses) in Philosophy, as listed below:<\/li>\r\n \t<li>At least 6 Philosophy courses (18 semester hours) must be at the 3000 or 4000 level.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Required courses:<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 2510 (Formal Logic)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>From Group B: PHIL 3030 (Ethical Theory)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>From Group C: PHIL 2220 (Political Philosophy)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>From Group D: PHIL 3020 (Environmental Philosophy)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>From Group E: PHIL 2620 (Plato and Aristotle),<\/li>\r\n \t<li>From Group F: PHIL 3540 (Philosophy of Mind) OR PHIL 3850 (The Philosophy of Kant)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>6 additional Philosophy courses \u2013 one course from each of the six areas A to F (as listed below)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>2 Additional Philosophy courses from any of the six areas A to F.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nRecommended courses for students intending to pursue graduate studies in Philosophy:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 2210 (Social Philosophy);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 3730 (Philosophy of Language);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 3840 (Rationalists and Empiricists);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 3540 (Philosophy of Mind) or Phil 3850 (The Philosophy of Kant) \u2013 if not taken as a required course.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nOf the remaining four philosophy courses, at least three courses must be completed at the 3000 or 4000 level.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Minor\u00a0Program - Requirements<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A minor in Philosophy consists of twenty-one 21 semester hours (7 courses) in Philosophy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>At least three courses 2 courses (6 semester hours) must be at the 3000 or 4000 level.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nRequired course:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 1110 (Critical\u00a0Thinking)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nRecommended courses:\r\n\r\nThe Department strongly recommends that Philosophy minors complete the following courses to ensure development of basic Philosophical knowledge.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>PHIL 1010 (Introduction to Philosophy)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>At least one course from each of the other five areas (B, C, D, E and F below).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>List of courses categorized into areas:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Group A: Introductory Courses\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>1010 - Introduction to Philosophy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>1020 -\u00a0\u00a0Introduction to Ethics and Social Philosophy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>1050 -\u00a0\u00a0Technology, Values, and Science<\/li>\r\n \t<li>1110 -\u00a0\u00a0Critical Thinking<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Group B: Ethics\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>2020 -\u00a0\u00a0Contemporary Moral Issues<\/li>\r\n \t<li>2040 -\u00a0\u00a0Bio-Medical Ethics<\/li>\r\n \t<li>2050 -\u00a0\u00a0Business Ethics<\/li>\r\n \t<li>2060 -\u00a0\u00a0Animal Ethics<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3220 -\u00a0\u00a0Religious Ethics East and West<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3710 -\u00a0\u00a0Community-Based Ethical Inquiry I<\/li>\r\n \t<li>4030 -\u00a0\u00a0Metaethics<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Group C: Political Philosophy\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>2070 -\u00a0\u00a0Philosophies of War and Peace<\/li>\r\n \t<li>2210 -\u00a0\u00a0Social Philosophy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>2220 -\u00a0\u00a0Political Philosophy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3510 -\u00a0\u00a0Philosophy of Law<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3830 -\u00a0\u00a0Radical Philosophy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>4270 -\u00a0\u00a0Theories of Justice<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Group D: Philosophy Of Nature and Metaphysics\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>2030 -\u00a0\u00a0Environmental Philosophy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>2350 -\u00a0\u00a0Skepticism, Agnosticism, Atheism, Belief<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3010 -\u00a0\u00a0Philosophy of Science<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3620 -\u00a0\u00a0Philosophy of Religion<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3630 -\u00a0\u00a0Philosophy of Biology<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Group E: History of Philosophy\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>2110 -\u00a0\u00a0Origins of Western Philosophy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>2130 -\u00a0\u00a0Existentialism<\/li>\r\n \t<li>2620 -\u00a0\u00a0Plato and Aristotle<\/li>\r\n \t<li>2840 -\u00a0\u00a0Introduction to Medieval Theology and Philosophy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3030 -\u00a0\u00a0History of Ethical Theory<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3840 -\u00a0\u00a0Rationalist and Empiricists<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3850 -\u00a0\u00a0The Philosophy of Kant<\/li>\r\n \t<li>4220 -\u00a0\u00a020th\u00a0Century British and American Philosophy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>4280 -\u00a0\u00a020th\u00a0Century French and German Philosophy<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Group F: Philosophy Of Human Nature \u00a0<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>2140 -\u00a0\u00a0Philosophy of Humour<\/li>\r\n \t<li>2420 -\u00a0\u00a0Philosophies of Love And Sexuality<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3530 -\u00a0\u00a0Philosophies of Communication<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3540 -\u00a0\u00a0Philosophy of Mind<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3610 -\u00a0\u00a0Philosophy and Literature<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3730 -\u00a0\u00a0Philosophy of Language<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1 class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><strong lang=\"en-CA\" xml:lang=\"en-CA\">PHILOSOPHY COURSES<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">1010 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY\r\nThis course introduces philosophical inquiry and explores questions such as: How is the mind connected to the body?\u00a0 What is it to know something?\u00a0 How does scientific knowledge differ from other forms of knowledge? Is there an external world that exists independently of human perception and cognition and if so, do we have access to it? How do we figure out what is morally right or wrong? What is justice? Is there a universal human nature?\u00a0 How do religious beliefs differ from other types of beliefs? What are some of the traditional arguments regarding the existence of God?\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">1020 INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS AND SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY\r\nThis course explores some basic questions about human life as they have been addressed in western philosophy, which may include:\u00a0 What is the meaning of life?\u00a0 What is it to live a good life?\u00a0 What is justice?\u00a0 How should a society be organized in order to be a just society? How do answers to these questions vary with different theories of human nature? What is the basis for judgments of right and wrong in interpersonal relations, in relation to the environment, and in public policy?\u00a0 How do we appraise competing values?\u00a0 What is virtue?\u00a0 Topics may also include: gender; sexuality; racism; colonization; health and disability; the nature of religion.\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">1050 TECHNOLOGY, VALUES, AND SCIENCE\r\nThis course explores the connections among technology, human values, and science that are manifested in society, economic systems, and relationships between humans and the natural world. The study of the connections reveal the vast impact that science and technology have on our understanding of the world and our views on the future as well as on personal identity and the human body. It exposes students to critical examination of objectivity in scientific research, progress in technology and science, scientific risk assessment, and genetic engineering. No particular background in science is assumed in this course.\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">1110 CRITICAL THINKING\r\nThis course helps students identify and evaluate various types of arguments couched in ordinary language. Different types of errors of reasoning are critically evaluated, such as argument from authority, begging the question, faulty causal correlation, appeal to emotions, inadequate sample, and deceptive use of statistics. The course aids the student in recognizing occurrences of these fallacies, and the conditions for logical error and weak argumentation in general. Emphasis is placed on the identification of weak arguments and the construction of strong arguments. Examples for critique and counter argument are derived mainly from the popular media.\r\nLectures, discussion and group presentation.\r\nThree hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2020 CONTEMPORARY MORAL ISSUES\r\nSpecific moral issues of contemporary concern such as abortion, euthanasia, capital punishment, animal rights, environmental ethics, terrorism, pornography, prostitution, and welfare form the basic content of the course. Although some ethical theory is discussed, the course\u2019s primary concern is with applied ethics (as opposed to ethical theory as taught in Philosophy 3030). Students learn to distinguish justifiable ethical arguments from those more problematic.\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2040 BIO-MEDICAL ETHICS\r\nThis course explores questions in health care that require philosophical clarification and appraisal in addition to medical knowledge. Topics such as reproductive decision-making, contract motherhood, allocation of scarce resources, conditions for the withdrawal of treatment, rights to health care, euthanasia, AIDS, eugenics and consent are discussed. The emphasis is on evaluating competing arguments.\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><a id=\"PHIL2050\"><\/a>2050 BUSINESS ETHICS\r\nStudents explore ethical issues specific to business, industry, and professional conduct. Topics range from corporate responsibilities, product and worker safety, ethnicity sensitivity, sexual harassment, advertisement, insider trades, and environmental stewardship. Students become familiar with the ethical issues regarding business, and are equipped with the conceptual tools necessary to respond to moral conflicts sensitively and responsibly.\r\nCross-listed with Business 2130.\r\nSemester hours of credit: 3<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2060 ANIMAL ETHICS\r\nThis course introduces the recent paradigm shift from anthropocentric ethics to biocentric ethics. The main objectives of the course are 1) to develop understanding of the main arguments concerning the moral status of nonhuman animals; 2) to cover the full range of different ethical positions regarding animals and discuss their advantages and disadvantages; and 3) to identify ideologies associated with thinking about animals and develop a critique which liberates us from one-dimensional thinking about animals. Topics addressed include whether animals have minds, whether animals have rights analogous in some way to human rights, and how to balance the interests of animals with other environmental goods. Other topics include animals as food, animal research ethics, animals in entertainment, cloning, biotechnology, companion animals, and legal and moral issues associated with animal activism.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2070 PHILOSOPHIES OF WAR AND PEACE\r\nThis course investigates the complex issue of war and violence, peace and justice, and the future of war. Is war a necessary part of the human condition? What are the ethics of war? The course examines the opposing positions of political realism, just war theory, and pacifism. The course will focus on the meaning of war for philosophers in particular, and study World War II veterans who became philosophers such as Stuart Hampshire, R.M. Hare, J. Glenn Gray, John Rawls and others. Michael Walzer\u2019s classic account, Just and Unjust Wars, and additional historical writings by Tolstoy, Arendt, Hobbes, Marx, Gandhi, and Martin Luther King may be studied to understand the debate over the meaning of the problem of war for philosophers and how they attempt to cope with it.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2090 SPECIAL TOPICS\r\nCreation of a course code for special topics offered by Philosophy at the 2000 level.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2110 ORIGINS OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY\r\nThis course traces the development of philosophical thought from the Pre-Socratics to the Neo-Platonists and Christian thinkers of late antiquity. The great questions posed by these early philosophers concerning the origins of the universe, the ultimate nature of reality, the frequent conflict between human nature and moral\/social obligation, together with their bold answers, are examined thoroughly.\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2130 EXISTENTIALISM\r\nThemes studied in this course may include consciousness, subjectivity, authenticity, fact versus interpretation, the role of faith and emotions in a meaningful life, intersubjectivity and community, freedom, alienation, noncognitivism, anti-theory, and moral responsibility. Writers such as Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, Sartre, de Beauvoir, and Camus are the primary focus of discussion.\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2140 PHILOSOPHY OF HUMOUR\r\nThis course emphasizes the overlapping aspects of philosophy and humour, as well as the role of humour in culture and valuing life. What is comedy? What is humour? What is laughter? What is the difference between laughing at people and laughing with them? Students explore the three traditional theories of humour (Superiority theory, Incongruity theory and Relief theory) as found in thinkers such as Plato, Hobbes, Kant, Schopenhauer, Spencer, and Freud. Students discuss Lenny Bruce\u2019s autobiography as a case study in problematic humour and free speech controversies.\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2210 SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY\r\nThis course explores a series of basic questions about the nature of social existence. It emphasizes the concept of a \u201csocial contract,\u201d and analyzes historical development in Western philosophers such as Hobbes, Locke, Hume and Rousseau. It discusses twentieth century development, such as the philosophy of John Rawls.\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2220 POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY\r\nThis investigation of the philosophical problems of life in communities focuses primarily on the concept of rights. What is a right? Are there any inalienable rights? How are rights justified? When is discourse in terms of rights appropriate and inappropriate? Students consider the history of human rights and international differences regarding rights, with special attention to the development of women\u2019s rights.\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2350 SKEPTICISM, AGNOSTICISM, ATHEISM, BELIEF\r\n(See <a href=\"http:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/current\/chapter\/religious-studies#RS2350\">Religious Studies 2350<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><a id=\"Phil2420\"><\/a>2420 PHILOSOPHIES OF LOVE AND SEXUALITY\r\nThis course explores philosophical issues related to love and sexuality as constructed and experienced in particular cultural and historical contexts in Anglo-American culture. Topics may include analysis of love and sexuality as portrayed in music, literature, film and art; kinds of love; conceptions of self and community underlying different accounts of love; sexual activity as expressive, communicative, sacred, profane, athletic, goal-oriented; the commodification of sex; competing conceptions of sexual health and sexual liberation; conservative, liberal, radical and feminist perspectives; ethical issues in intimate relation- ships, families, sex-trade work and pornography.\r\nPREREQUISITE: When taken as Family Science 2440, Family Science 1140 is required\r\nLecture: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2510 FORMAL LOGIC\r\nThis course is an introduction to the theory and techniques of classical and modern logic. Students are exposed to the basic concepts of classical propositional and quantificational logic and methods of testing inference. As well, students are exposed to several logical systems that purport to extend classical logic.\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><a id=\"PHIL2620\"><\/a>2620 PLATO AND ARISTOTLE\r\nThis course examines theories of knowledge and beliefs about the fundamental structure of the cosmos in relation to aspects of the human condition found in the works of the two most influential ancient philosophers, Plato and Aristotle. Students study selected primary texts such as the Meno, the Symposium, the Republic and the Timaeus of Plato and the Physics and the Metaphysics of Aristotle.\r\nCross-listed with Classics 2620.\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2640 CHINESE RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY\r\n(See <a href=\"http:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/current\/chapter\/religious-studies#RS2610\">Religious Studies 2610<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n2710 ETHICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE\r\nThis course investigates the ethical problems associated with climate change, including:\u00a0 What ethical frameworks are helpful for evaluating the complex social, environmental, intergenerational and international ethical issues that climate change raises?\u00a0 What moral responsibility do individuals have for helping to resolve problems in which their whole society is implicated?\u00a0 What is the fairest and most effective way to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions?\u00a0 Is our current rate of GHG emissions a new form of domination -- not only over the earth and other civilizations, but also over future generations?\u00a0 Does the massively collective nature of climate change necessitate new ways of conceptualizing environmental ethics?\r\n3 hours credit\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2840 INTRODUCTION TO MEDIEVAL THEOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY\r\n(See <a href=\"http:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/current\/chapter\/religious-studies#RS2840\">Religious Studies 2840<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3010 PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE\r\nThis course investigates questions basic to understanding the nature, aims, and activities of science as a human enterprise.\u00a0 Questions include: How do scientists produce and legitimate their knowledge claims?\u00a0 What is the relation between scientific laws, hypotheses, and theories?\u00a0 Do the theoretical entities of science really exist?\u00a0 Does scientific knowledge steadily increase?\u00a0 Is western science value free, or is it influenced by the biology, culture, social location and power of the people who work in it? What is the difference between science and religion as belief systems?\u00a0 Why did western science quickly become the globally dominant form of knowledge production?\u00a0 Do different cultures each have their own equally valid forms of \u201cscience,\u201d or does western science give us the one true account of nature?\r\nPREREQUISITE:\u00a0 One course in Philosophy or permission of the instructor.\u00a0 Students who have not yet studied philosophy but who have taken at least 2 courses in science and\/or in social science are encouraged to seek permission to enrol.\r\nLectures:\u00a0 Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n3020 ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY\r\nThis course explores the contours of contemporary environmental thought.\u00a0 Emphasis is on critically understanding historical, cultural and ideological diversity\u00a0 Topics include: how humans perceive and gain knowledge of nature, conceptual issues with uses of \u2018nature\u2019; ecological identity; environmental movements; Indigenous knowledge systems and relations to the land; social, global and intergenerational environmental justice; spirituality and nature; sustainability and consumption; the privatization of environmental morality; place, art and environmental education; the diversity of human perspectives on the value of nature; why we humans, as a whole, have degraded the ecosystems that support our very existence, and what we can do about it.\r\nLectures: Three hours a week\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3030 HISTORY OF ETHICAL THEORY\r\nThis course offers an historical and critical examination of influential ethical theories proposed by philosophers ranging from Aristotle to Nietzsche. The focus is on the philosophical justification for morality, and not on applied issues.\r\nPREREQUISITE: At least two completed courses in Philosophy or permission of the instructor\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3090 SPECIAL TOPICS\r\nCreation of a course code for special topics offered by Philosophy at the 3000 level.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3220 RELIGIOUS ETHICS EAST AND WEST\r\n(See <a href=\"http:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/current\/chapter\/religious-studies#RS3220\">Religious Studies 3220<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3510 PHILOSOPHY OF LAW\r\nThis course is designed to acquaint students with important philosophical concepts underlying the notion of legality and justice. These include the concepts of equality and inequality, legal obligation, punishment, and rights. Various traditional theories of law will be examined from that proposed by Plato in the Republic and Aristotle\u2019s Politics through Aquinas to John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Contemporary theories of H.L.A. Hart, Gregory Vlastos and John Rawls may be examined as well.\r\nPREREQUISITE: One course in Philosophy or permission of the instructor\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3530 PHILOSOPHIES OF COMMUNICATION\r\nThis course explores the history of thinking about communication, including technologies such as printing, relevant disciplines such as journalism, human rights, and the role of media as agents of social change. Topics include the history of free expression, censorship, the emergence of the public sphere, techniques for influencing public opinion, communication and war, propaganda and truth. Thinkers such as Condorcet, Godwin, J.S. Mill, Ellul, McLuhan, Habermas, Chomsky, Mattelart, and contemporary theorists may be discussed.\r\nLecture: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3540 PHILOSOPHY OF MIND\r\nThis course examines basic problems in philosophical psychology, such as the mind\/body problem, intentionality, artificial intelligence, functionalism, the nature of consciousness, and virtual realities. Thinkers such as J. Searle, D. Dennett, J.J.C. Smart, J. Fodor, P. Churchland, F. Dretske, and K. Sterelny may be discussed.\r\nPREREQUISITE: One course in Philosophy or permission of the instructor\r\nLectures: Three hours per week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><a id=\"PHIL3610\"><\/a>3610 PHILOSOPHY AND LITERATURE\r\nAn examination of the ways in which similar basic human concerns are expressed and developed in philosophy and literature. The course focuses on the use of literature in learning philosophy, with particular attention to the novel as a vehicle for bringing philosophy to the masses and the connections be- tween literature and social change. It also explores the history of theories of literature and popular culture, including work by Habermas, McLuhan, Camus, Sartre, Rorty and Kundera.\r\nCross-listed with English 3130.\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><a id=\"PHIL3620\"><\/a>3620 PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION\r\nAn examination of how religious beliefs are justified, particularly those concerning the existence of a Judaic-Christian God, the nature of such a god, and the status of faith. Other topics may include: language and metaphor; post-modernist views; rational and nonrational approaches to religion; epistemic differences between western and eastern philosophies and religions; mysticism; and death.\r\nCross-listed with Religious Studies 3620.\r\nPREREQUISITE: One course in Philosophy or Religious Studies\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3630 PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY\r\nStudents explore how biology informs our philosophical conceptions of nature and our place in it. Topics include evolutionary theory, human nature, adaptation, development, units of selection, function, species, altruism, the human genome project, conceptions of progress, and creationism.\r\nLecture: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><a id=\"PHIL3710\"><\/a>3710 COMMUNITY-BASED ETHICAL INQUIRY I\r\nThis course will engage students in work placements and dialogue in ethical inquiry with community leaders in one of the following areas (set by the instructor at the start of the year): Agriculture and globalization; Poverty and illiteracy in PEI; World hunger and international aid; Environmental problems and issues of sustainability on PEI. Students will explore the nature of moral experience and ethical inquiry while gaining on-the-ground work experience, so that class discussions will be informed by first-hand understanding of the issues, as well as by recent and classic ethical texts. This course will be led by a faculty member in collaboration with recognized community leaders in the field.\r\nPREREQUISITE: Successful completion of a first or second year course in philosophy, or permission of the instructor.\r\nSeminar\/field work: Averaged across the semester, 1.5 hours per week unpaid field placement in a relevant setting, supervised by a mentor.\r\nThree semester hours of credit<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3730 PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE\r\nThis course introduces philosophical problems concerning language and provides a grounding in analytic philosophy. Students discuss truth and meaning, reference, speech acts, interpretation and translation, and metaphor. Questions such as the following are examined: What are the relationships among language, mind, and the world? How does language colour our thoughts about reality? Does each language bring with it a distinct conceptual system?\r\nPREREQUISITE: One course in Philosophy or permission of the instructor\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3830 RADICAL PHILOSOPHY\r\nThis course explores attempts by philosophers, in the 19th and 20th centuries, to create alternative social movements that are highly critical of existing social organizations and the state form of life. It provides an historical introduction to Marxism, anarchism and feminist social theory. Texts are selected from Godwin, Marx, Engels, Proudhon, Kropotkin, Emma Goldman and Simone de Beauvoir.\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3840 RATIONALIST AND EMPIRICISTS\r\nThis course is an introduction to early modern philosophy through the study of the most important works of the rationalists (Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz) and the empiricists (Locke, Berkeley, and Hume).\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3850 THE PHILOSOPHY OF KANT\r\nThis course examines the philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724\u20131804), with a particular focus on his influence on the discipline of epistemology and his major work, A Critique of Pure Reason. If time permits, students may also consider Kant\u2019s approach to philosophy, as well as his main critics.\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">4030 METAETHICS\r\nIn this course, students explore what we mean when we use moral terms. Is morality real? If so, in what sense? If not, what are the implications? Is morality an evolutionary trait? Are our moral utterances cognitive or non-cognitive? If morality is natural, in what sense? Is morality relativistic, universal, objective, subjective, instrumental, intrinsic, or a fiction?\r\nPREREQUISITE: Philosophy 3030 or permission of the instructor\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">4090 SPECIAL TOPICS\r\nCreation of a course code for special topics offered by Philosophy at the 4000 level.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">4220 20th CENTURY BRITISH AND AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY\r\nThis course is a critical examination of the development of analytical philosophy in Britain and America in the 20th Century with a focus on the relations between logic, science, language, and conceptualization. Logical Positivism, the linguistic turn, and pragmatism are examined through readings from such authors as G.E. Moore, B. Russell, Wittgenstein, A.J. Ayer, W. James, Quine, and Rorty.\r\nPREREQUISITE: Philosophy 3730, and one other Philosophy course, or permission of the instructor\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">4270 THEORIES OF JUSTICE\r\nThis course explores the basic ethical concepts of the right and the good by focussing on three recent classics in political philosophy: John Rawls\u2019 A Theory of Justice, Robert Nozick\u2019s Anarchy, State and Utopia and Michael Walzer\u2019s Spheres of Justice.\u201d The contrasts between libertarian and socialist ideas of society, individual rights and communitarian thinking, the nature of the state, equality, cultural relativism, and liberal pluralism are considered. Contemporary secondary literature about Nozick and Walzer may also be studied.\r\nPREREQUISITE: One course in Philosophy or permission of the instructor\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">4280 20th CENTURY FRENCH AND GERMAN PHILOSOPHY\r\nThis course introduces German philosophers such as the Frankfurt School and Jurgen Habermas and French philosophers such as Michel Foucault. Students consider the idea of a critical theory, the public sphere, rationality and ideology, and the disciplinary society.\r\nPREREQUISITE: One course in Philosophy or permission of the instructor\r\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">4310 DIRECTED STUDIES\r\nStudent and teacher will jointly investigate problems or authors chosen by the student in consultation with the chair and approved by the Dean. Without prejudice to other choices, the Department is prepared to offer Directed Studies in the following areas beyond the regular course offerings. (See <a href=\"http:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/current\/chapter\/undergraduate-and-professional-programs-academic-regulations#AR#9\">Academic Regulation 9 f<\/a>or Regulations Governing Directed Studies)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">4800 HONOURS SEMINAR\r\nThis is an intensive literature review course in the area of the student\u2019s honours thesis. The reading material will be developed by the student and supervisor. As part of this course, the student will be required to produce a substantive proposal for his or her honours thesis (Philosophy 4900). Other requirements may include an annotated bibliography, preliminary draft work, reading journals, and critical reviews.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">4900 HONOURS THESIS\r\nIn consultation with a supervisor, each student will be required to write a 7,000\u20139,000 word thesis, and defend it orally in front of a committee. The three-member committee will be comprised of the supervisor, a second reader from the Philosophy Department, and a third reader from either the Philosophy Department or another department at the University. Students must complete Philosophy 4800 before beginning Philosophy 4900.<\/p>","rendered":"<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"rId55\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\" xml:lang=\"en-CA\" lang=\"en-CA\">http:\/\/upei.ca\/philosophy<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><strong lang=\"en-CA\" xml:lang=\"en-CA\">Philosophy Faculty<br \/>\n<\/strong>Verner Smitheram, Professor Emeritus<br \/>\nPamela Courtenay-Hall, Associate Professor, Chair<br \/>\nNeb Kujundzic, Professor<br \/>\nMalcolm Murray, Professor<br \/>\nTony Couture, Associate Professor<br \/>\nPeter Koritansky, Professor<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><strong lang=\"en-CA\" xml:lang=\"en-CA\">REQUIREMENTS FOR A MAJOR IN PHILOSOPHY<br \/>\n<\/strong>Students must complete a minimum of 42 semester hours in Philosophy with at least six courses (18 hours) at the 3000 or 4000 level. NOTE: All courses are 3 hours. <strong lang=\"en-CA\" xml:lang=\"en-CA\"><strong lang=\"en-CA\"><b><span>NOTE: As per Academic Regulation 1h, all undergraduate degree programs require successful completion of IKE-1040 one of UPEI-1010, UPEI-1020, or UPEI-1030, and a Writing Intensive Course.<\/span><\/b><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">The Department strongly recommends that the following courses should be completed by philosophy majors intending to pursue graduate studies in Philosophy: PHIL 2210 (Social Philosophy); PHIL 2510 (Formal Logic); PHIL 2620 (Plato and Aristotle); PHIL 3030 (History of Ethical Theory in 1900); PHIL 3730 (Philosophy of Language); PHIL 3840 (Rationalists and Empiricists); PHIL 3850 (The Philosophy of Kant).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Requirements for an Honours, Major or Minor Degree in Philosophy<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Honours Program &#8211; Admission:<\/span> \u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nTo be admitted to the honours program, a student must submit a letter of application to the chair of the department. The letter must include a brief proposal of the intended research the name of the student\u2019s potential supervisor,a note from the potential supervisor confirming prior consultation, and a copy of the student\u2019s updated transcripts. Applicants must have registered in, or have completed, the major program in philosophy.<br \/>\nNormally, students should submit their applications during their fifth semester. The department, acting as a committee, will determine who is admitted based on the following considerations:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The student has an average of at least 75% in all Philosophy courses<\/li>\n<li>The student has an overall average of at least 70% in all academic courses<\/li>\n<li>The student has shown the ability of, or has the potential for, completing independent philosophical research<\/li>\n<li>Availability of suitable supervisors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Since the demand for the program may exceed the resources available, meeting the minimum entry requirements does not guarantee admission.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Honours\u00a0Program &#8211; Requirements<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>To receive an honours in Philosophy, an honors Philosophy a student must satisfy the following requirements while maintaining a minimum average of 75% in all Philosophy courses.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>At least 126 semester hours of academic credit (42 courses).<\/li>\n<li>At least 54 semester hours of credit (18 courses) in Philosophy,<\/li>\n<li>as listed below:<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 1110 (Critical Thinking);<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 2210 (Social Philosophy);<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 2220 (Political Philosophy);<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 2510 (Formal Logic);<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 2620 (Plato and Aristotle);<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 3010 (Philosophy of Science);<\/li>\n<li>PHIL3020 (Environmental Philosophy);<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 3030 (Ethical Theory);<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 3540 (Philosophy of Mind);<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 3730 (Philosophy of Language);<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 3840 (Rationalists and Empiricists);<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 3850 (The Philosophy of Kant);<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 4800 (Research Seminar), AND<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 4900 (Honours Thesis)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Major\u00a0Program &#8211; Requirements<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To complete a Major in Philosophy, a student must satisfy the following requirements:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>At least 126 semester hours of academic credit (42 courses)<\/li>\n<li>At least 42 semester hours of academic credit (14 courses) in Philosophy, as listed below:<\/li>\n<li>At least 6 Philosophy courses (18 semester hours) must be at the 3000 or 4000 level.<\/li>\n<li>Required courses:<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 2510 (Formal Logic)<\/li>\n<li>From Group B: PHIL 3030 (Ethical Theory)<\/li>\n<li>From Group C: PHIL 2220 (Political Philosophy)<\/li>\n<li>From Group D: PHIL 3020 (Environmental Philosophy)<\/li>\n<li>From Group E: PHIL 2620 (Plato and Aristotle),<\/li>\n<li>From Group F: PHIL 3540 (Philosophy of Mind) OR PHIL 3850 (The Philosophy of Kant)<\/li>\n<li>6 additional Philosophy courses \u2013 one course from each of the six areas A to F (as listed below)<\/li>\n<li>2 Additional Philosophy courses from any of the six areas A to F.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Recommended courses for students intending to pursue graduate studies in Philosophy:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>PHIL 2210 (Social Philosophy);<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 3730 (Philosophy of Language);<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 3840 (Rationalists and Empiricists);<\/li>\n<li>PHIL 3540 (Philosophy of Mind) or Phil 3850 (The Philosophy of Kant) \u2013 if not taken as a required course.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Of the remaining four philosophy courses, at least three courses must be completed at the 3000 or 4000 level.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Minor\u00a0Program &#8211; Requirements<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A minor in Philosophy consists of twenty-one 21 semester hours (7 courses) in Philosophy.<\/li>\n<li>At least three courses 2 courses (6 semester hours) must be at the 3000 or 4000 level.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Required course:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>PHIL 1110 (Critical\u00a0Thinking)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Recommended courses:<\/p>\n<p>The Department strongly recommends that Philosophy minors complete the following courses to ensure development of basic Philosophical knowledge.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>PHIL 1010 (Introduction to Philosophy)<\/li>\n<li>At least one course from each of the other five areas (B, C, D, E and F below).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>List of courses categorized into areas:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Group A: Introductory Courses\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1010 &#8211; Introduction to Philosophy<\/li>\n<li>1020 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Introduction to Ethics and Social Philosophy<\/li>\n<li>1050 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Technology, Values, and Science<\/li>\n<li>1110 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Critical Thinking<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Group B: Ethics\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2020 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Contemporary Moral Issues<\/li>\n<li>2040 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Bio-Medical Ethics<\/li>\n<li>2050 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Business Ethics<\/li>\n<li>2060 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Animal Ethics<\/li>\n<li>3220 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Religious Ethics East and West<\/li>\n<li>3710 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Community-Based Ethical Inquiry I<\/li>\n<li>4030 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Metaethics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Group C: Political Philosophy\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2070 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Philosophies of War and Peace<\/li>\n<li>2210 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Social Philosophy<\/li>\n<li>2220 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Political Philosophy<\/li>\n<li>3510 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Philosophy of Law<\/li>\n<li>3830 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Radical Philosophy<\/li>\n<li>4270 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Theories of Justice<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Group D: Philosophy Of Nature and Metaphysics\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2030 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Environmental Philosophy<\/li>\n<li>2350 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Skepticism, Agnosticism, Atheism, Belief<\/li>\n<li>3010 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Philosophy of Science<\/li>\n<li>3620 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Philosophy of Religion<\/li>\n<li>3630 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Philosophy of Biology<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Group E: History of Philosophy\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2110 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Origins of Western Philosophy<\/li>\n<li>2130 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Existentialism<\/li>\n<li>2620 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Plato and Aristotle<\/li>\n<li>2840 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Introduction to Medieval Theology and Philosophy<\/li>\n<li>3030 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0History of Ethical Theory<\/li>\n<li>3840 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Rationalist and Empiricists<\/li>\n<li>3850 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0The Philosophy of Kant<\/li>\n<li>4220 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a020th\u00a0Century British and American Philosophy<\/li>\n<li>4280 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a020th\u00a0Century French and German Philosophy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Group F: Philosophy Of Human Nature \u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2140 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Philosophy of Humour<\/li>\n<li>2420 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Philosophies of Love And Sexuality<\/li>\n<li>3530 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Philosophies of Communication<\/li>\n<li>3540 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Philosophy of Mind<\/li>\n<li>3610 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Philosophy and Literature<\/li>\n<li>3730 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0Philosophy of Language<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1 class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><strong lang=\"en-CA\" xml:lang=\"en-CA\">PHILOSOPHY COURSES<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">1010 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY<br \/>\nThis course introduces philosophical inquiry and explores questions such as: How is the mind connected to the body?\u00a0 What is it to know something?\u00a0 How does scientific knowledge differ from other forms of knowledge? Is there an external world that exists independently of human perception and cognition and if so, do we have access to it? How do we figure out what is morally right or wrong? What is justice? Is there a universal human nature?\u00a0 How do religious beliefs differ from other types of beliefs? What are some of the traditional arguments regarding the existence of God?<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">1020 INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS AND SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY<br \/>\nThis course explores some basic questions about human life as they have been addressed in western philosophy, which may include:\u00a0 What is the meaning of life?\u00a0 What is it to live a good life?\u00a0 What is justice?\u00a0 How should a society be organized in order to be a just society? How do answers to these questions vary with different theories of human nature? What is the basis for judgments of right and wrong in interpersonal relations, in relation to the environment, and in public policy?\u00a0 How do we appraise competing values?\u00a0 What is virtue?\u00a0 Topics may also include: gender; sexuality; racism; colonization; health and disability; the nature of religion.<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">1050 TECHNOLOGY, VALUES, AND SCIENCE<br \/>\nThis course explores the connections among technology, human values, and science that are manifested in society, economic systems, and relationships between humans and the natural world. The study of the connections reveal the vast impact that science and technology have on our understanding of the world and our views on the future as well as on personal identity and the human body. It exposes students to critical examination of objectivity in scientific research, progress in technology and science, scientific risk assessment, and genetic engineering. No particular background in science is assumed in this course.<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">1110 CRITICAL THINKING<br \/>\nThis course helps students identify and evaluate various types of arguments couched in ordinary language. Different types of errors of reasoning are critically evaluated, such as argument from authority, begging the question, faulty causal correlation, appeal to emotions, inadequate sample, and deceptive use of statistics. The course aids the student in recognizing occurrences of these fallacies, and the conditions for logical error and weak argumentation in general. Emphasis is placed on the identification of weak arguments and the construction of strong arguments. Examples for critique and counter argument are derived mainly from the popular media.<br \/>\nLectures, discussion and group presentation.<br \/>\nThree hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2020 CONTEMPORARY MORAL ISSUES<br \/>\nSpecific moral issues of contemporary concern such as abortion, euthanasia, capital punishment, animal rights, environmental ethics, terrorism, pornography, prostitution, and welfare form the basic content of the course. Although some ethical theory is discussed, the course\u2019s primary concern is with applied ethics (as opposed to ethical theory as taught in Philosophy 3030). Students learn to distinguish justifiable ethical arguments from those more problematic.<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2040 BIO-MEDICAL ETHICS<br \/>\nThis course explores questions in health care that require philosophical clarification and appraisal in addition to medical knowledge. Topics such as reproductive decision-making, contract motherhood, allocation of scarce resources, conditions for the withdrawal of treatment, rights to health care, euthanasia, AIDS, eugenics and consent are discussed. The emphasis is on evaluating competing arguments.<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><a id=\"PHIL2050\"><\/a>2050 BUSINESS ETHICS<br \/>\nStudents explore ethical issues specific to business, industry, and professional conduct. Topics range from corporate responsibilities, product and worker safety, ethnicity sensitivity, sexual harassment, advertisement, insider trades, and environmental stewardship. Students become familiar with the ethical issues regarding business, and are equipped with the conceptual tools necessary to respond to moral conflicts sensitively and responsibly.<br \/>\nCross-listed with Business 2130.<br \/>\nSemester hours of credit: 3<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2060 ANIMAL ETHICS<br \/>\nThis course introduces the recent paradigm shift from anthropocentric ethics to biocentric ethics. The main objectives of the course are 1) to develop understanding of the main arguments concerning the moral status of nonhuman animals; 2) to cover the full range of different ethical positions regarding animals and discuss their advantages and disadvantages; and 3) to identify ideologies associated with thinking about animals and develop a critique which liberates us from one-dimensional thinking about animals. Topics addressed include whether animals have minds, whether animals have rights analogous in some way to human rights, and how to balance the interests of animals with other environmental goods. Other topics include animals as food, animal research ethics, animals in entertainment, cloning, biotechnology, companion animals, and legal and moral issues associated with animal activism.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2070 PHILOSOPHIES OF WAR AND PEACE<br \/>\nThis course investigates the complex issue of war and violence, peace and justice, and the future of war. Is war a necessary part of the human condition? What are the ethics of war? The course examines the opposing positions of political realism, just war theory, and pacifism. The course will focus on the meaning of war for philosophers in particular, and study World War II veterans who became philosophers such as Stuart Hampshire, R.M. Hare, J. Glenn Gray, John Rawls and others. Michael Walzer\u2019s classic account, Just and Unjust Wars, and additional historical writings by Tolstoy, Arendt, Hobbes, Marx, Gandhi, and Martin Luther King may be studied to understand the debate over the meaning of the problem of war for philosophers and how they attempt to cope with it.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2090 SPECIAL TOPICS<br \/>\nCreation of a course code for special topics offered by Philosophy at the 2000 level.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2110 ORIGINS OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY<br \/>\nThis course traces the development of philosophical thought from the Pre-Socratics to the Neo-Platonists and Christian thinkers of late antiquity. The great questions posed by these early philosophers concerning the origins of the universe, the ultimate nature of reality, the frequent conflict between human nature and moral\/social obligation, together with their bold answers, are examined thoroughly.<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2130 EXISTENTIALISM<br \/>\nThemes studied in this course may include consciousness, subjectivity, authenticity, fact versus interpretation, the role of faith and emotions in a meaningful life, intersubjectivity and community, freedom, alienation, noncognitivism, anti-theory, and moral responsibility. Writers such as Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, Sartre, de Beauvoir, and Camus are the primary focus of discussion.<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2140 PHILOSOPHY OF HUMOUR<br \/>\nThis course emphasizes the overlapping aspects of philosophy and humour, as well as the role of humour in culture and valuing life. What is comedy? What is humour? What is laughter? What is the difference between laughing at people and laughing with them? Students explore the three traditional theories of humour (Superiority theory, Incongruity theory and Relief theory) as found in thinkers such as Plato, Hobbes, Kant, Schopenhauer, Spencer, and Freud. Students discuss Lenny Bruce\u2019s autobiography as a case study in problematic humour and free speech controversies.<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2210 SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY<br \/>\nThis course explores a series of basic questions about the nature of social existence. It emphasizes the concept of a \u201csocial contract,\u201d and analyzes historical development in Western philosophers such as Hobbes, Locke, Hume and Rousseau. It discusses twentieth century development, such as the philosophy of John Rawls.<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2220 POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY<br \/>\nThis investigation of the philosophical problems of life in communities focuses primarily on the concept of rights. What is a right? Are there any inalienable rights? How are rights justified? When is discourse in terms of rights appropriate and inappropriate? Students consider the history of human rights and international differences regarding rights, with special attention to the development of women\u2019s rights.<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2350 SKEPTICISM, AGNOSTICISM, ATHEISM, BELIEF<br \/>\n(See <a href=\"http:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/current\/chapter\/religious-studies#RS2350\">Religious Studies 2350<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><a id=\"Phil2420\"><\/a>2420 PHILOSOPHIES OF LOVE AND SEXUALITY<br \/>\nThis course explores philosophical issues related to love and sexuality as constructed and experienced in particular cultural and historical contexts in Anglo-American culture. Topics may include analysis of love and sexuality as portrayed in music, literature, film and art; kinds of love; conceptions of self and community underlying different accounts of love; sexual activity as expressive, communicative, sacred, profane, athletic, goal-oriented; the commodification of sex; competing conceptions of sexual health and sexual liberation; conservative, liberal, radical and feminist perspectives; ethical issues in intimate relation- ships, families, sex-trade work and pornography.<br \/>\nPREREQUISITE: When taken as Family Science 2440, Family Science 1140 is required<br \/>\nLecture: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2510 FORMAL LOGIC<br \/>\nThis course is an introduction to the theory and techniques of classical and modern logic. Students are exposed to the basic concepts of classical propositional and quantificational logic and methods of testing inference. As well, students are exposed to several logical systems that purport to extend classical logic.<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><a id=\"PHIL2620\"><\/a>2620 PLATO AND ARISTOTLE<br \/>\nThis course examines theories of knowledge and beliefs about the fundamental structure of the cosmos in relation to aspects of the human condition found in the works of the two most influential ancient philosophers, Plato and Aristotle. Students study selected primary texts such as the Meno, the Symposium, the Republic and the Timaeus of Plato and the Physics and the Metaphysics of Aristotle.<br \/>\nCross-listed with Classics 2620.<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2640 CHINESE RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY<br \/>\n(See <a href=\"http:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/current\/chapter\/religious-studies#RS2610\">Religious Studies 2610<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>2710 ETHICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE<br \/>\nThis course investigates the ethical problems associated with climate change, including:\u00a0 What ethical frameworks are helpful for evaluating the complex social, environmental, intergenerational and international ethical issues that climate change raises?\u00a0 What moral responsibility do individuals have for helping to resolve problems in which their whole society is implicated?\u00a0 What is the fairest and most effective way to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions?\u00a0 Is our current rate of GHG emissions a new form of domination &#8212; not only over the earth and other civilizations, but also over future generations?\u00a0 Does the massively collective nature of climate change necessitate new ways of conceptualizing environmental ethics?<br \/>\n3 hours credit<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">2840 INTRODUCTION TO MEDIEVAL THEOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY<br \/>\n(See <a href=\"http:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/current\/chapter\/religious-studies#RS2840\">Religious Studies 2840<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3010 PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE<br \/>\nThis course investigates questions basic to understanding the nature, aims, and activities of science as a human enterprise.\u00a0 Questions include: How do scientists produce and legitimate their knowledge claims?\u00a0 What is the relation between scientific laws, hypotheses, and theories?\u00a0 Do the theoretical entities of science really exist?\u00a0 Does scientific knowledge steadily increase?\u00a0 Is western science value free, or is it influenced by the biology, culture, social location and power of the people who work in it? What is the difference between science and religion as belief systems?\u00a0 Why did western science quickly become the globally dominant form of knowledge production?\u00a0 Do different cultures each have their own equally valid forms of \u201cscience,\u201d or does western science give us the one true account of nature?<br \/>\nPREREQUISITE:\u00a0 One course in Philosophy or permission of the instructor.\u00a0 Students who have not yet studied philosophy but who have taken at least 2 courses in science and\/or in social science are encouraged to seek permission to enrol.<br \/>\nLectures:\u00a0 Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p>3020 ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY<br \/>\nThis course explores the contours of contemporary environmental thought.\u00a0 Emphasis is on critically understanding historical, cultural and ideological diversity\u00a0 Topics include: how humans perceive and gain knowledge of nature, conceptual issues with uses of \u2018nature\u2019; ecological identity; environmental movements; Indigenous knowledge systems and relations to the land; social, global and intergenerational environmental justice; spirituality and nature; sustainability and consumption; the privatization of environmental morality; place, art and environmental education; the diversity of human perspectives on the value of nature; why we humans, as a whole, have degraded the ecosystems that support our very existence, and what we can do about it.<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3030 HISTORY OF ETHICAL THEORY<br \/>\nThis course offers an historical and critical examination of influential ethical theories proposed by philosophers ranging from Aristotle to Nietzsche. The focus is on the philosophical justification for morality, and not on applied issues.<br \/>\nPREREQUISITE: At least two completed courses in Philosophy or permission of the instructor<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3090 SPECIAL TOPICS<br \/>\nCreation of a course code for special topics offered by Philosophy at the 3000 level.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3220 RELIGIOUS ETHICS EAST AND WEST<br \/>\n(See <a href=\"http:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/current\/chapter\/religious-studies#RS3220\">Religious Studies 3220<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3510 PHILOSOPHY OF LAW<br \/>\nThis course is designed to acquaint students with important philosophical concepts underlying the notion of legality and justice. These include the concepts of equality and inequality, legal obligation, punishment, and rights. Various traditional theories of law will be examined from that proposed by Plato in the Republic and Aristotle\u2019s Politics through Aquinas to John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Contemporary theories of H.L.A. Hart, Gregory Vlastos and John Rawls may be examined as well.<br \/>\nPREREQUISITE: One course in Philosophy or permission of the instructor<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3530 PHILOSOPHIES OF COMMUNICATION<br \/>\nThis course explores the history of thinking about communication, including technologies such as printing, relevant disciplines such as journalism, human rights, and the role of media as agents of social change. Topics include the history of free expression, censorship, the emergence of the public sphere, techniques for influencing public opinion, communication and war, propaganda and truth. Thinkers such as Condorcet, Godwin, J.S. Mill, Ellul, McLuhan, Habermas, Chomsky, Mattelart, and contemporary theorists may be discussed.<br \/>\nLecture: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3540 PHILOSOPHY OF MIND<br \/>\nThis course examines basic problems in philosophical psychology, such as the mind\/body problem, intentionality, artificial intelligence, functionalism, the nature of consciousness, and virtual realities. Thinkers such as J. Searle, D. Dennett, J.J.C. Smart, J. Fodor, P. Churchland, F. Dretske, and K. Sterelny may be discussed.<br \/>\nPREREQUISITE: One course in Philosophy or permission of the instructor<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours per week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><a id=\"PHIL3610\"><\/a>3610 PHILOSOPHY AND LITERATURE<br \/>\nAn examination of the ways in which similar basic human concerns are expressed and developed in philosophy and literature. The course focuses on the use of literature in learning philosophy, with particular attention to the novel as a vehicle for bringing philosophy to the masses and the connections be- tween literature and social change. It also explores the history of theories of literature and popular culture, including work by Habermas, McLuhan, Camus, Sartre, Rorty and Kundera.<br \/>\nCross-listed with English 3130.<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><a id=\"PHIL3620\"><\/a>3620 PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION<br \/>\nAn examination of how religious beliefs are justified, particularly those concerning the existence of a Judaic-Christian God, the nature of such a god, and the status of faith. Other topics may include: language and metaphor; post-modernist views; rational and nonrational approaches to religion; epistemic differences between western and eastern philosophies and religions; mysticism; and death.<br \/>\nCross-listed with Religious Studies 3620.<br \/>\nPREREQUISITE: One course in Philosophy or Religious Studies<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3630 PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY<br \/>\nStudents explore how biology informs our philosophical conceptions of nature and our place in it. Topics include evolutionary theory, human nature, adaptation, development, units of selection, function, species, altruism, the human genome project, conceptions of progress, and creationism.<br \/>\nLecture: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\"><a id=\"PHIL3710\"><\/a>3710 COMMUNITY-BASED ETHICAL INQUIRY I<br \/>\nThis course will engage students in work placements and dialogue in ethical inquiry with community leaders in one of the following areas (set by the instructor at the start of the year): Agriculture and globalization; Poverty and illiteracy in PEI; World hunger and international aid; Environmental problems and issues of sustainability on PEI. Students will explore the nature of moral experience and ethical inquiry while gaining on-the-ground work experience, so that class discussions will be informed by first-hand understanding of the issues, as well as by recent and classic ethical texts. This course will be led by a faculty member in collaboration with recognized community leaders in the field.<br \/>\nPREREQUISITE: Successful completion of a first or second year course in philosophy, or permission of the instructor.<br \/>\nSeminar\/field work: Averaged across the semester, 1.5 hours per week unpaid field placement in a relevant setting, supervised by a mentor.<br \/>\nThree semester hours of credit<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3730 PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE<br \/>\nThis course introduces philosophical problems concerning language and provides a grounding in analytic philosophy. Students discuss truth and meaning, reference, speech acts, interpretation and translation, and metaphor. Questions such as the following are examined: What are the relationships among language, mind, and the world? How does language colour our thoughts about reality? Does each language bring with it a distinct conceptual system?<br \/>\nPREREQUISITE: One course in Philosophy or permission of the instructor<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3830 RADICAL PHILOSOPHY<br \/>\nThis course explores attempts by philosophers, in the 19th and 20th centuries, to create alternative social movements that are highly critical of existing social organizations and the state form of life. It provides an historical introduction to Marxism, anarchism and feminist social theory. Texts are selected from Godwin, Marx, Engels, Proudhon, Kropotkin, Emma Goldman and Simone de Beauvoir.<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3840 RATIONALIST AND EMPIRICISTS<br \/>\nThis course is an introduction to early modern philosophy through the study of the most important works of the rationalists (Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz) and the empiricists (Locke, Berkeley, and Hume).<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">3850 THE PHILOSOPHY OF KANT<br \/>\nThis course examines the philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724\u20131804), with a particular focus on his influence on the discipline of epistemology and his major work, A Critique of Pure Reason. If time permits, students may also consider Kant\u2019s approach to philosophy, as well as his main critics.<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">4030 METAETHICS<br \/>\nIn this course, students explore what we mean when we use moral terms. Is morality real? If so, in what sense? If not, what are the implications? Is morality an evolutionary trait? Are our moral utterances cognitive or non-cognitive? If morality is natural, in what sense? Is morality relativistic, universal, objective, subjective, instrumental, intrinsic, or a fiction?<br \/>\nPREREQUISITE: Philosophy 3030 or permission of the instructor<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">4090 SPECIAL TOPICS<br \/>\nCreation of a course code for special topics offered by Philosophy at the 4000 level.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">4220 20th CENTURY BRITISH AND AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY<br \/>\nThis course is a critical examination of the development of analytical philosophy in Britain and America in the 20th Century with a focus on the relations between logic, science, language, and conceptualization. Logical Positivism, the linguistic turn, and pragmatism are examined through readings from such authors as G.E. Moore, B. Russell, Wittgenstein, A.J. Ayer, W. James, Quine, and Rorty.<br \/>\nPREREQUISITE: Philosophy 3730, and one other Philosophy course, or permission of the instructor<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">4270 THEORIES OF JUSTICE<br \/>\nThis course explores the basic ethical concepts of the right and the good by focussing on three recent classics in political philosophy: John Rawls\u2019 A Theory of Justice, Robert Nozick\u2019s Anarchy, State and Utopia and Michael Walzer\u2019s Spheres of Justice.\u201d The contrasts between libertarian and socialist ideas of society, individual rights and communitarian thinking, the nature of the state, equality, cultural relativism, and liberal pluralism are considered. Contemporary secondary literature about Nozick and Walzer may also be studied.<br \/>\nPREREQUISITE: One course in Philosophy or permission of the instructor<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">4280 20th CENTURY FRENCH AND GERMAN PHILOSOPHY<br \/>\nThis course introduces German philosophers such as the Frankfurt School and Jurgen Habermas and French philosophers such as Michel Foucault. Students consider the idea of a critical theory, the public sphere, rationality and ideology, and the disciplinary society.<br \/>\nPREREQUISITE: One course in Philosophy or permission of the instructor<br \/>\nLectures: Three hours a week<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">4310 DIRECTED STUDIES<br \/>\nStudent and teacher will jointly investigate problems or authors chosen by the student in consultation with the chair and approved by the Dean. Without prejudice to other choices, the Department is prepared to offer Directed Studies in the following areas beyond the regular course offerings. (See <a href=\"http:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/current\/chapter\/undergraduate-and-professional-programs-academic-regulations#AR#9\">Academic Regulation 9 f<\/a>or Regulations Governing Directed Studies)<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">4800 HONOURS SEMINAR<br \/>\nThis is an intensive literature review course in the area of the student\u2019s honours thesis. The reading material will be developed by the student and supervisor. As part of this course, the student will be required to produce a substantive proposal for his or her honours thesis (Philosophy 4900). Other requirements may include an annotated bibliography, preliminary draft work, reading journals, and critical reviews.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal no-indent\">4900 HONOURS THESIS<br \/>\nIn consultation with a supervisor, each student will be required to write a 7,000\u20139,000 word thesis, and defend it orally in front of a committee. The three-member committee will be comprised of the supervisor, a second reader from the Philosophy Department, and a third reader from either the Philosophy Department or another department at the University. Students must complete Philosophy 4800 before beginning Philosophy 4900.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":31,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-109","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry"],"part":78,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/2024-2025\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/109","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/2024-2025\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/2024-2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/2024-2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/2024-2025\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/109\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":514,"href":"https:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/2024-2025\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/109\/revisions\/514"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/2024-2025\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/78"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/2024-2025\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/109\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/2024-2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/2024-2025\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=109"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/2024-2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=109"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/calendar.upei.ca\/2024-2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}